# C. Sean Burns: Notebook

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linux:basic-ip-subnetting

# Some basic IP subnetting

## Date: Tue Oct 10 2018

Here are some example IP addresses:

• 192.168.1.6: Desktop 1
• 10.160.38.75: Desktop 2

• 192.168.1.255: Desktop 1
• 10.160.38.255: Desktop 2

• 255.255.255.0: Desktop 1
• 255.255.255.0: Desktop 2

An IP address is 32 bits (8 x 4), or four bytes, in size. In human readable context, it's usually expressed in the following notation style:

192.168.1.6

Where each bit is represented by either a 1 or a 0. E.g., the above address in binary is:

11000000.10101000.00000001.00000110

• 11000000 = 192
• 10101000 = 168
• 00000001 = 1
• 00000110 = 6

When doing IP math, one easy way to do it is to simply remember that each bit in each of the above bytes is a placeholder for the following values:

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Alternatively, from low to high:

base2
2^0 1
2^1 2
2^2 4
2^3 8
2^4 16
2^5 32
2^6 64
2^7 128

In binary, 192 is equal to 11000000. It's helpful to work backword. For IP addresses, all octets are 255 or less and therefore do not exceed 8 bits or places:

1 * 2^7 = 128
1 * 2^6 =  64 (128 + 64 = 192)


STOP: There are no values left, and so the rest are zeroes.

So: 11000000

(0 * 2^0) + (0 * 2^1) + (0 * 2^2) + (0 * 2^3) + (0 * 2^4) + (0 * 2^5) +
(1 * 2^6) + (1 * 2^7)


Another way: to convert to binary, simply subtract the numbers from each value. As long as there is something remaining or the placeholder equals the remainder of the previous subtraction, then the bit equals 1. So:

• 192 - 128 = 64 -- therefore the first bit is equal to 1.
• Now take the leftover and subtract it:
• 64 - 64 = 0 -- therefore the second bit is equal to 1.

Since there is nothing remaining, the rest of the bits equal 0.

## Subnetting

### 192.168.1.6 : Desktop 1

11000000.10101000.00000001.00000110 IP              192.168.1.6
-----------------------------------


Note the mask has 24 ones followed by 8 zeroes. That 24 is used as CIDR notation, so:

192.168.1.6/24

## 10.160.38.75 : Desktop 3

00001010.10100000.00100110.01001011 IP               10.160.38.75
-----------------------------------


For Desktop 1, we have the following:

• Network ID: 192.168.1.0
• Start Range: 192.168.1.1
• End Range: 192.168.1.254

For Desktop 2, we have the following

• Network ID: 10.163.38.0
• Start Range: 10.163.38.1
• End Range: 10.163.38.254

# Homework example:

10101100 00010000 00000001 00100111 IP          172.16.1.62
11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 Mask        255.255.255.0
-----------------------------------
10101100 00010000 00000001 00000000 Network ID  172.16.1.0

• Network ID : 172.16.1.0
• Start Range : 172.16.1.1
• End Range : 172.16.1.254